39. M. S. Eisenhower to Archibald MacLeish, December 1, 1942, OWI, RG 208, Entry 1, Box 5, NARA.
40. Henry Wallace, Speech of May 8, 1942, quoted in “War Aims,” OGR, RG 44, Box 888, NARA; Why We Fight: Prelude to War (Frank Capra, 1942). The same themes were broadcast in Norman Corwin’s radio series “This is War!” Made at the request of OFF, the series was paid for and broadcast by the radio networks (NBC, CBS, Blue, Mutual) from February to May 1942 reaching an estimated 20 million people. See James Spiller, “This is War! Network Radio and World War II Propaganda in America,” Journal of Radio Studies 11 (June 2004): 55—72.
41. OWI Intelligence Report, “American Estimates of the Enemy,” September 2, 1942, Box 53, MacLeish Papers; Archibald MacLeish, “Basic Policy Directive: The Nature of the Enemy,” October 5, 1942, OWI, RG 208, Entry 6A, Box 1, NARA.
42. Horton, Radio Goes to War, 57—59.
43. OFF, Bureau of Intelligence, Division of Information Channels, Special Intelligence Report No. 45, “Newspaper Comic Strips,” June 17, 1942, OGR, RG 44, Entry 171, Box 1844, NARA; In Tarzan Triumphs, the natives, like Tarzan, are white; Tarzan Triumphs (Wilhelm Thiele, 1943).
44. Dick Dorrance and Joseph Liss (Domestic Radio Bureau of OWI), “When Radio Goes to War,” February 20, 1943, Container 114, Raymond Clapper Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
45. John Morton Blum, V Was For Victory: Politics and American Culture During World War II (New York: Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich, 1976), 52.
46. “Design of the Post-War World as a Weapon in Fighting the War,” April 16, 1942, OGR, RG 44, Box 888, NARA.
47. Four Freedoms, OWI, RG 208, Entry 94, Box 621, NARA.
48. Spirit of ‘43 (Walt Disney, 1943).
49. “Notes of June 16, 1942,” Davis Papers.
50. “Transcript of Short Wave Broadcast (Radio Tokyo),” July 3, 1942, OWI, RG 208, Entry 27, Box 33, NARA; “Five Months of Axis Propaganda on the Negro Question,” December 7, 1941—May 7, 1942, OGR, RG 44, Entry 171, Box 1849, NARA.
51. OFF, “Newspaper Comic Strips.”
52. Star Spangled Rhythm (George Marshall, 1942); Winkler, Politics of Propaganda, 67—68.
53. Roger Daniels, Prisoners Without Trial: Japanese Americans in World War II (New York: Hill & Wang, 1993), 23—48; Dorrance and Liss, “When Radio Goes to War.”
54. Bataan (Tay Garnett, 1943); George H. Roeder, Jr., The Censored War: American Visual Experience During World War Two (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993), 88.
55. “War Advertising Council Press Release,” October 8, 1943, OWI, RG 208, Entry 27, Box 42, NARA; Maureen Honey, Creating Rosie the Riveter: Class, Gender, and Propaganda during World War II (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1984), 215—16.
56. Robert B. Westbrook, Why We Fought: Forging American Obligations in World War II (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books, 2004), 67—91.
57. Lizabeth Cohen, A Consumers’ Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America (New York: Vintage Books, 2004), 74.
58. Anthony Hyde to Palmer Hoyt and Arthur Sweetser, “Report on United Nations Flag Day, June 14, 1943,” July 5, 1943, OWI, RG 208, Entry 43, Box 1, NARA.
59. Leo Rosten to Harold Jacobs, “Newsreel Coverage of OFF’s Posters,” May 7, 1942, OGR, RG 44, Box 888, NARA; Kane to Sweetser, “American Opinion and Post-War Problems”; Koppes and Black, Hollywood Goes to War, 185—247; Mission to Moscow (Michael Curtiz, 1943); Todd Bennett, “Culture, Power, and Mission to Moscow: Film and Soviet-American Relations during World War II,” Journal of American History 88 (September 2001): 489—518.
60. Robert A. Taft, “American Foreign Policy,” August 26, 1943, Container 613, Robert A. Taft Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
61. Casablanca (Michael Curtiz, 1942).
62. OWI Bureau of Intelligence, Media Division, “Feature Films and OWI Campaigns and Programs: January 1943,” February 10, 1943, Box 4, Nash Papers; Bureau of Motion Pictures Report, “Feature Review of Casablanca,” in Hollywood’s America: United States History Through Its Films, ed. Steven Mintz and Randy Roberts (St. James, NY: Brandywine Press, 1993), 178—79.
63. Lydgate, What Our People Think, 60—63
64. Kane to Sweetser, “American Opinion and Post-war Problems.” В Касабланке общества помощи убедили военных перевозить беженцев, у которых были визы и номера квот, на пустых кораблях, возвращающихся в Соединенные Штаты, но этот план сорвался, когда Государственный департамент отказался предоставить номера квот беженцам без гарантированного транспорта — чего военные не обещали беженцам без номеров квот. David S. Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941—1945 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1984), 127—29; Bureau of Motion Pictures Report, “Feature Review of Casablanca”; OWI, “Looking Forward to a Global Peace,” Special Services Division Report No. 102, January 13, 1943, OGR, RG 44, Entry 171, Box 1844, NARA.
65. “Specimen Day in Washington,” January 5, 1943, Container 10, Davis Papers; Frank Costigliola, France and the United States: The Cold Alliance, 1941—1990 (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1992), 18—22.
66. Winkler, Politics of Propaganda, 89; OWI, “Looking Forward to a Global Peace”; Kane to Sweetser, “American Opinion and Post-War Problems.”
67. Warren Kimball, The Juggler: Franklin Roosevelt as Wartime Statesman (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), 63—81.
68. Joe Louis quoted in Lawrence R. Samuel, Pledging Allegiance: American Identity and the Bond Drive of World War II (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997), 183.
69. Stephen Holden, “Wartime Dreams Revisited,” New York Times, July 23, 1995.
70. Lt. Sherwood M. Snyder to the Federal Communications Commission, May 29, 1943, forwarded to the OWI, RG 208, Entry 1, Box 6, NARA.
71. Lt. Col. Paul M. Jacobs to General Marshall and Paramount Pictures, January 2, 1943, OGR, RG 44, Entry 78, Box 890, NARA.
72. Dorothy Johnstone to Katherine Blackburn, April 3, 1943, OGR, RG 44, Box 1659, Entry 138, NARA.
73. James J. Kimble, Mobilizing the Home Front: War Bonds and Domestic Propaganda (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2006), 5—7.
74. Alpert to Hart, “War, War Aims, and Postwar World.”
75. Winkler, Politics of Propaganda, 64.
76. Chester LaRoche to Gardner Cowles, Jr., April 16, 1943, OWI, RG 208, Entry 20, Box 12, NARA; “War Advertising Council Press Release,” October 8, 1943, OWI, RG 208, Entry 27, Box 42, NARA.
77. Cohen, Consumer’s Republic, 72; Mark H. Neff, “The Politics of Sacrifice on the American Home Front in World War II,” Journal of American History 77 (March 1991): 1297; Charles F. McGovern, Sold American: Consumption and Citizenship, 1890—1945 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 361—62.
78. Статья Милтона Майера “Дело против еврея”, появившаяся в номере от 28 марта 1942 года, была последней из трех статей о том, что редактор «Сатидэй Эвенинг Пост» назвал «еврейским вопросом». Извинения на редакционной странице появились месяц спустя после отмены подписки и рекламы. Stuart Murray and James McCabe, Norman Rockwell’s Four Freedoms (New York: Gramercy Books, 1993), 72—73; Westbrook, Why We Fought, 46.
79. Murray and McCabe, Norman Rockwell’s Four Freedoms, 60—61.
80. Там же, 79—92.
81. Там же.
82. Horton, When Radio Goes to War, 96; Bernard DeVoto to Elmer Davis, August 26, 1943, Container 1, Davis Papers.
83. John Steinbeck, Once There Was a War (New York: Viking Press, 1958), 25—29.
84. Roeder, Censored War, 19; Life, July 5, 1943.
85. Roeder, Censored War, 11—12.
86. “Realism for Breakfast,” Newsweek, September 20, 1943, 98.
87. James J. Lorence, Screening America: United States History Through Film Since 1900 (New York: Pearson, 2006), 114; Every 2 ½ Minutes (1944).
88. James Agee, “These Terrible Records of War,” Nation, March 24, 1945, reprinted in Library of America, Reporting World War II, Part II: American Journalism, 1944—1946 (New York: Library of America, 1995), 660—61; Bosley Crowther, “The Movies,” in While You Were Gone: A Report on Wartime Life in the United States, ed. Jack Goodman (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1946), 522—23.
89. Edward Klauber to the Secretary of the Treasury, April 5, 1945, OWI, RG 208, Entry 1, Box 5, NARA; Board of War Information, “Minutes,” January 28, 1944, OWI, RG 208, Entry 16, Box 1, NARA; Clifton Fadiman to Leo Rosten, “Memorandum of Meeting with Commentators,” March 19, 1943, Box 11, Nash Papers; Samuel, Pledging Allegiance, 56—57; John W. Dower, War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York: Pantheon Books, 1986), 51—52.
90. Deborah Lipstadt, Beyond Belief: The American Press and the Coming of the Holocaust (New York: Free Press, 1986), 243, 252; Richard Breitman, Official Secrets: What the Nazis Planned, What the British and Americans Knew (New York: Hill & Wang, 1998), 122—36.
91. Voss, Reporting the War, 126—27.
92. Susan D. Moeller, Shooting War: Photography and the American Experience of Combat (New York: Basic Books, 1989), 191.
93. Roeder, Censored War, 24, 57; Michael S. Sweeney, The Military and the Press: An Uneasy Truce (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2006), 104—6, 111.
94. Moeller, Shooting War, 183, 197; Lester Markel, “The Newspapers,” in While You Were Gone, ed. Goodman, 341; Susan A. Brewer, To Win the Peace: British Propaganda in the United States during World War II (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997), 117.
95. Karal Ann Marling and John Wetenhall, Iwo Jima: Monuments, Memories, and the American Hero (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991), 39—67.
96. Marling and Wetenhall, Iwo Jima, 75—121.
97. James Tobin, Ernie Pyle’s War: America’s Eyewitness to World War II (New York: Free Press, 1997).
98. Bill Mauldin, Up Front (1945; reproduced W. W. Norton, 1995), 16.
99. Brendan Gill, “Young Man Behind Plexiglass,” August 12, 1944, in The New Yorker Book of War Pieces (New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1947), 280.
100. OWI, “Looking Forward to a Global Peace,” January 13, 1943; OWI Bureau of Intelligence, “Attitudes Toward Postwar Problems,” February 1, 1943, Special Services Division, Report No. 106, OGR, RG 44, Entry 171, Box 1844, NARA; Kane to Sweetser, “American Opinion and Post-War Problems”; Public Opinion News Service Release, June 5, 1943, Box 69, Sweetser Papers; “Presenting Postwar Planning to the Public,” Office of Public Opinion Research, March 1943, Container 211, John Winant Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York.
101. Jerry Brooks to George Ludlam, “Spots for International Cooperation Campaign,” April 10, 1945, OWI, RG 208, Entry 94, Box 621, NARA; OWI Domestic Radio Bureau, “To Prevent Future Wars—The United Nations,” undated (probably late 1944), RG 208 Entry 6A, Box 5, NARA.
102. Dorrance and Liss, “When Radio Goes to War.”
103. Осенью 1943 года Конгресс подавляющим большинством одобрил резолюции Фулбрайта и Коннелли в пользу международной организации безопасности. Членами комитета Халла были Самнер Уэллс, Адольф А. Берле, Стэнли Хорнбек, Харли Ноттер, Лео Пасвольский, Майрон Тейлор, профессора Джеймс Т. Шотвелл и Исайя Боуман, редактор отдела иностранных дел Гамильтон Фиш Армстронг, обозреватель Энн О'Хара Маккормик, сенаторы Том Коннелли, Уолтер Джордж, Уоррен Остин, Элберт Томас и Уоллес Уайт-младший и представители Сол Блум, Лютер Джонсон и Чарльз Итон. “Minutes of April 24, 1943 State Department Meeting,” Box 53, MacLeish Papers; MacLeish to Secretary of State, December 29, 1944 and January 13, 1945, Department of State, RG 59, Lot 52—249, Entry 1245, Box 1, National Archives and Record Administration (NARA) Archives II, College Park, Maryland.
104. “Minutes of April 24, 1943 State Department Meeting,” Box 53, MacLeish Papers.
105. “Minutes of May 8, 1943 State Department Meeting,” Box 53, MacLeish Papers; Forrest Davis, “Roosevelt’s World Blueprint,” Saturday Evening Post, April 10, 1943, 110.
106. Forrest Davis, “What Really Happened at Teheran,” Saturday Evening Post, May 20,1944, 22+.
107. “Controversial Trends of Opinion: Japan,” July 1—31, 1944, prepared for the United Nations Information Board, Box 38, Sweetser Papers; Marling and Wettenhal, Iwo Jima, 120.
108. Joseph H. Ball, “How We Planned for the Postwar World,” in While You Were Gone, ed. Goodman, 564—65.
109. Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power (New York: Touchstone, 1992), 395.
110. Minutes of the Board of War Information, February 17, 1944, OWI, RG 208, Entry 16, Box 1, NARA.
111. Dorrance and Liss, “When Radio Goes to War.”
112. Address by the Secretary of the Treasury, “The United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference,” July 22, 1944, and Press Release from the Secretary of State, July 24, 1944, The Department of State Bulletin, vol. 11, no. 266, July 30, 1944; Dean Acheson, Assistant Secretary of State, “The Place of Bretton Woods in Economic Collective Security,” March 23, 1945, Department of State Publication 2306.
113. C. P. Trussell, “Atlantic Charter Unsigned But Intact, Roosevelt Says,” December 20, 1944, and “Roosevelt Urges Homefolks to Back Soldiers at Front,” December 23, 1944, New York Times; Ernest K. Lindley, “The State of the Atlantic Charter,” Newsweek, January 1, 1945.
114. Joseph Grew to the President, “Latest Opinion Trends in the US,” February 24, 1945,President’s Secretary’s File (PSF) Departmental Correspondence, State Department, Box 91, Franklin D. Roosevelt Papers, Roosevelt Library.
