28. Jim Rutenberg and Robin Toner, “Critics Say Coverage Helped Lead to War,” New York Times, March 22, 2003; Frank Rich, The Greatest Story Ever Sold: The Decline and Fall of Truth from 9/11 to Katrina (New York: Penguin, 2006), 68; University of Maryland Program on International Policy Attitudes, “Misperceptions, the Media, and the Iraq War,” October 2003, http://65.109.167.118/pipa/pdf/oct03/IraqMedia_Oct03_rpt.pdf.
29. George W. Bush, “President Discusses the Future of Iraq,” February 26, 2003, www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/02/20030226—11.html, see www.georgewbushlibrary.gov; Editorial, “Mr. Cheney on Iraq,” Washington Post National Weekly Edition, September 2—8, 2003; Thomas E. Ricks, “Ready, Set . . ., “Washington Post National Weekly Edition, March 10—16, 2003, 6—7.
30. Jonathan Schell, “The Case Against the War,” Nation, March 3, 2003, 11—23; Bob Woodward, Plan of Attack (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), 228.
31. James Mann, Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush’s War Cabinet (New York: Penguin, 2004), 343—49; Michael Dobbs, “Where’s the Smoking Gun?” Washington Post National Weekly Edition, December 16—22, 2002, 16.
32. Karen DeYoung, “The Undoing of Colin Powell,” Washington Post National Weekly Edition, October 16—22, 2006, 6—10; Rich, Greatest Story, 264.
33. Nicholas Lemann, “Order of Battle,” New Yorker, November 18, 2002, 42; Sheryl Gay Stolberg, “Congress Makes Law, Not War,” New York Times, March 23, 2003; Isikoff and Corn, Hubris, 150.
34. Dana Milbank, “Why Let the Facts Get in the Way?” Washington Post National Weekly Edition, October 28—November 3, 2002, 13; James Risen and David Johnston, “Split at C.I.A. and F.B.I. on Iraqi Ties to Al Qaeda,” New York Times, February 2, 2003.
35. Thomas E. Ricks, Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq (New York: Penguin, 2006), 96—100; Christopher Marquis, “Bush and Democrat Invoke 1962 Cuban Crisis as Model,” International Herald Tribune, October 9, 2002; Joseph Wilson, “Republic or Empire?” Nation, March 3, 2003, 4—5.
36. Evelyn Nieves, “Pressure Is Building to Avoid Using Military Force,” Washington Post National Weekly Edition, December 9—15, 2002, 7; National Public Radio, February 16, 2003; Reliable Sources (CNN, January 26, 2003); Rampton and Stauber, Best War Ever, 149—51.
37. Sheryl Gay Stolberg, “Congress’s War on France Is Just Starting,” New York Times, March 16, 2003; Jack Thomas (Boston Globe), “A War of Words—against France,” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, March 2, 2003; Mausbach, “Forlorn Superpower,” 79; Mary Nolan, “Anti-Americanism and Anti-Europeanism,” in New American Empire, ed. Gardner and Young, 122.
38. Nancy Franklin, “Must-See Saddam,” New Yorker, March 10, 2003, 30; Rutenberg and Toner, “Critics Say”; W. Lance Bennett, Regina G. Lawrence, and Steven Livingston, When the Press Fails: Political Power and the News Media from Iraq to Katrina (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), 43.
39. Nicholas Lemann, “After Iraq,” New Yorker, February 12—24, 2003, 70—71; Andrew J. Bacevich, The New American Militarism: How Americans Are Seduced by War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 28; The Today Show (NBC, January 28, 2003); Robert G. Kaiser, “The United States Risks Isolation and a Loss of Key Allies,” Washington Post National Weekly Edition, March 24—30, 2003, 9.
40. Gladiator (Ridley Scott, 2000); Ricks, Fiasco, 116; Michael R. Gordon and General Bernard E. Trainor, Cobra II: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq (New York: Pantheon Books, 2006), 164—77.
41. Carl Hulse and Eric Schmitt, “Pentagon Strokes Lawmakers Every Morning and They Seem to Like It,” New York Times, March 29, 2003.
42. Peter J. Boyer, “The New War Machine,” New Yorker, June 30, 2003, 55—71; John M. Broder, “Sober Replies to Speculative Questions,” New York Times, April 4, 2003; Elisabeth Bumiller, “Even Critics of War Say the White House Spun It With Skill,” New York Times, April 20, 2003.
43. Thom Shanker and Eric Schmitt, “Rumsfeld Says Iraq Is Collapsing,” March 22, 2003, New York Times; David Von Drehle, “Rumsfeld Wrestles With History,” Washington Post National Weekly Edition, November 21—27, 2005, 6.
44. Ricks, Fiasco, 371.
45. Elisabeth Bumiller, “Administration Is Heeding Lessons of First Gulf War,” New York Times, March 24, 2003; R. W. Apple, Jr., “Lessons of the Past for Bush on Leading a Nation at War,” New York Times, March 25, 2003; Richard W. Stevenson and Elisabeth Bumiller, “In Speech to Military Aides, Bush Shies from Quick End,” New York Times, March 27, 2003; Adam Nagourney and David E. Sanger, “Bush Defends the Progress of the War,” New York Times, April 1, 2003; David E. Sanger and William E. Schmidt, “Bush Offers Optimism to Cheering Marines,” New York Times, April 4, 2003.
46. “Support for Bush Surges at Home,” New York Times, March 22, 2003; Nathaniel Fick, One Bullet Away: The Making of a Marine Officer (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005), 251.
47. Todd S. Purdum and Jim Rutenberg, “Reporters Respond to Pentagon’s Frontline Welcome Mat,” New York Times, March 23, 2003; David Carr, “War News From MTV and People Magazine,” New York Times, March 27, 2003; Boyer, “The War Machine,” 55—71; Colby Buzzell, My War: Killing Time in Iraq (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 2005), 140; Connections (NPR, March 21, 2003).
48. David Carr, “Reporters’ New Battlefield Access Has Its Risks as Well as Its Rewards,” New York Times, March 31, 2003; “Spinning to War” (BBC World Service, August 4, 2003).
49. Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism, “Embedded Reporters: What Are Americans Getting?” April 3, 2003, www.journalism.org/node/211.
50. Rampton and Stauber, Weapons of Mass Deception, 180—81.
51. CBS, April 9, 2003.
52. Nancy Franklin, “News Under Fire,” New Yorker, April 4, 2003, 94—95; Charles McGrath, “Bomb,” New York Times Magazine, April 3, 2003, 15—16.
54. После продолжительной судебной тяжбы Министерство обороны опубликовало фотографии гробов, возвращающихся из Ирака в апреле 2005 года в ответ на запросы Закона о свободе информации Ральфа Беглайтера, профессора коммуникаций в Университете Делавэра и бывшего корреспондента «Си-Эн-Эн». National Security Archive, “Return of the Fallen,” April 28, 2005, www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB152/index.htm; David Carr, “Telling War’s Deadly Story At Just Enough Distance,” New York Times, April 7, 2003; Ghaith Abdul-Ahad, Kael Alford, Thorne Anderson, and Rita Leistner, Unembedded: Four Independent Photojournalists on the War in Iraq (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005); Paul Rutherford, Weapons of Mass Persuasion: Marketing the War against Iraq (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004), 110.
55. Nagourney and Sanger, “Bush Defends the Progress of the War”; Dexter Filkins, “Some Iraqis Grateful to U.S. But Wary of Any Changes,” New York Times, April 9, 2003; Ricks, Fiasco, 124—25.
56. Julie Salamon, “New Tools for Reporters Make War Images Instant But Coverage No Simpler,” New York Times, April 6, 2003; Michael Massing, “The Doha Follies,” Nation, April 21, 2003, 24; David Carr, “Reporters’ New Battlefield Access.”
57. Jacques Steinberg, “TV Viewers Are Riveted, And Overwhelmed, Too,” New York Times, April 7, 2003; Geoffrey Nunberg, “War-Speak Worthy of Milton and Chuck Norris,” New York Times, April 6, 2003.
58. Mamoun Fandy, “Global Perspectives,” Washington Post National Weekly Edition, April 7—13, 2003, 21; Susan Sachs, “Arab Media Portray War as Killing Field,” New York Times, April 4, 2003; Judith Sylvester and Suzanne Huffman, Reporting from the Front: The Media and the Military (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005), 86—87, 193—97; Control Room (Jehane Noujaim, 2004).
59. Alessandra Stanley, “As the Conflict in Iraq Deepens, So Does the Debate About Coverage,” New York Times, March 30, 2003; Jim Rutenberg, “Cable’s War Coverage Suggests a New ‘Fox Effect’ on Television Journalism,” New York Times, April 16, 2003.
60. Alessandra Stanley, “In Hoopla Over a P.O.W., A Mirror of U.S. Society,” New York Times, April 18, 2003; Patrick Rogers et al., “Saved From Danger,” People, April 21, 2003, 54—59; Dana Priest, William Booth, and Susan Schmidt, “Saving Private Lynch,” Washington Post National Weekly Edition, June 23—29, 2003, 8—10; Daphne Eviatar, “The Press and Private Lynch,” Nation, July 7, 2003, 18—20; Melani McAlister, “Saving Private Lynch,” New York Times, April 6, 2003; Nancy Gibbs, “The Private Jessica Lynch,” Time, November 17, 2003, 24—33; Project for Excellence in Journalism, “Jessica Lynch: Media Myth-Making in the Iraq War,” June 23, 2003, www.journalism.org/node/233.
61. Sean Aday, John Cluverius, and Steven Livingston, “As Goes the Statue, So Goes the War: The Emergence of the Victory Frame in Television Coverage of the Iraq War,” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 49 (2005): 314—31; Michael R. Gordon, “Faulty Intelligence Misled Troops at War’s Start,” New York Times, October 20, 2004; Sylvester and Huffman, Reporting from the Front, 182.
62. David Sanger, “Bush’s Next Role,” New York Times, April 8, 2003; Mark Leibovich and Roxanne Roberts, “Few Hawks Are Crowing about Iraq,” Washington Post National Weekly Edition, April 14—29, 9; Mike Allen and Karen DeYoung, “The White House Works to Close a Communication Gap,” Washington Post National Weekly Edition, April 7—13, 2003, 9; “Excerpts from Remarks by Bush and Blair,” New York Times, April 8, 2003.
63. John F. Burns, “Pillagers Strip Iraqi Museum of Its Treasures,” New York Times, April 13, 2003.
64. “US Will Recruit Civilians to Run Interim Government,” New York Times, April 11, 2003; the president’s speech was broadcast on Iraqi TV on April 10, 2003; Susan J. Douglas, “Daily Show Does Bush,” Nation, May 5, 2003, 24.
65. Steven Lee Myers, “Doubt and Death on Drive to Baghdad,” New York Times, April 13, 2003; Peter Maas, “Good Kills,” April 20, 2003, New York Times Magazine, 34; CNN, War in Iraq: The Road to Baghdad, DVD (AOL Time Warner, 2003).
65. Steven R. Weisman, “And in Iraq, Trying to Plant a Seed,” New York Times, November 9, 2003; Elizabeth Becker, “The United States’ Message of a Humanitarian War Is Faltering in the Arab World,” New York Times, April 5, 2003.
66. Walter Gibbs, “Scowcroft Urges Wide Role for the U.N. in Postwar Iraq,” New York Times, April 9, 2003; Susan Sachs, “Yemen Says 2 in Cole Attack Are Among 10 Qaeda Escapees,” New York Times, April 12, 2003; Philip Shenon, “Administration Reduces Level of Terrorism Alert to Yellow,” New York Times, April 17, 2003; David Barstow and Robin Stein, “Is It News or Public Relations? Under Bush, Lines Are Blurry,” New York Times, March 13, 2005.
67. Greg Retsinas, “A Rally at Ground Zero for the Troops,” New York Times, April 11, 2003; David M. Halbfinger with John W. Fountain, “Across the U.S., Elation Wrestles with Anxiety,” New York Times, April 13, 2003; Adam Nagourney and Janet Elder, “Americans See Clear Victory in Iraq, Poll Finds,” New York Times, April 15, 2003.
68. Rich, Greatest Story, 88—91.
69. Washington Post-ABC Poll, July 9—10, 2003, Washington Post National Weekly Edition, July 21—27, 2003.
70. Tom Zeller, “The Iraq—Qaeda Link,” The New York Times, June 20, 2004; Bob Woodward, “The Facts Got in the Way,” Washington Post National Weekly Edition, October 9—15, 2006, 6; Frank Rich, “Pfc. Jessica Lynch Isn’t Rambo Anymore,” New York Times, November 9, 2003; David Johnston, “CIA’s Estimates About Iraq’s Bioweapons Were Built on Sand,” New York Times, July 11, 2004; Dana Priest and Glenn Kessler, “Cheney’s Obsession,” Washington Post National Weekly Edition, October 6—12, 2003, 6.
71. Peter Slevin and Dana Priest, “Unexpected Chaos,” Washington Post National Weekly Edition, July 28—August 3, 2003, 8—9; George Packer, The Assassin’s Gate: America in Iraq (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2005), 184.
72. William Langewiesche, “Welcome to the Green Zone,” The Atlantic, November 2004, 60—88; see also Rajiv Chandrasekaran, Imperial Life in the Emerald City: Inside the Green Zone (New York: Knopf, 2006).
73. AP, “Pentagon: Planting Stories in Iraqi Press Was Within Law,” October 19, 2006, www.editorandpublisher.com; Jeff Gerth, “Military’s Information War Is a Vast and Secret Mission,” New York Times, December 11, 2005; Peter Maas, “Professor Nagl’s War” New York Times Magazine, January 11, 2004, 38.
74. Jim Hoagland, “Tailor-Made for the CIA,” Washington Post National Weekly Edition, February 21—27, 2005, 5; Peter J. Boyer, “Downfall,” New Yorker, November 20, 2006, 63; Isikoff and Corn, Hubris, 314.
75. Joshua Partlow, “Friend or Foe?” Washington Post National Weekly Edition, March 5—11, 2007; Thomas E. Ricks and Ann Scott Tyson, “Unseen Casualties,” Washington Post National Weekly Edition,” May 14—20, 2007; Greg Jaffe, “As Pentagon’s Top Gun Stresses Need for Speed, Strategic Debate Grows,” Wall Street Journal, May 17, 2005; Bennett, Lawrence, and Livingston, When the Press Fails, 72—107.
